Job-seeking because of the physical and psychological stress brought about by unemployment. Unemployment lengthened, more unemployed young people have taken a break from As unemployment has increased and the average duration of The Japanese NEET diﬀers from the UK concept: in particular it excludes In the early 2000s, the increase in the number of ‘inactive’ young people began toĪttract public attention and attempts were made to estimate the numbers deﬁned as Increase of non-standard forms of employment, increasingly unemployed people hopingįor regular work are only able to gain employment as freeters. Those who are not working but who are seeking any type of employment. Includes almost all non-regular employment (including agency work), as well as all of Temporary jobs, as well as those unemployed and seeking such jobs. The lower estimate includes non-students working in part-time or The discrepancy between the two estimates is a result of the adoption of diﬀerentĭeﬁnitions of freeters. Another showed an increase from 1.83 million inġ990 to 4.18 million in 2001 (Cabinet Oﬃce 2003). Showed that among 15-34 year-olds, the number increased from 1.01 million in 1992 toĢ.09 million in 2002 (MHLW 2004). At the end of the 1990s, the Japanese governmentīegan estimating the number of freeters, and the results were surprising. In the 1990s, transitions became much less stable and the People in Japan made smooth and direct transitions from school or university to relatively Although students frequently held part-time temporary positions, until the end of the 1980s most young ‘freelance’ and ‘arbeiter’, (Arbeit being the German term for work) it was used to indicate a ‘side job’ (‘McJob’ or ‘ﬁddly job’ in the British literature). Originally a slang term combining the words In Japan, the term freeter has been used to refer to young part-time, and temporary

NEET was introduced as a new category toĭescribe vulnerability and as a target for policy interventions (Furlong 2006). Programmes, there remained a considerable number of young people who were not inĮducation, employment, or training. While the changes promoted increasedĮducational participation and those without work faced pressure to join youth training Changes in UK policy disqualiﬁed 16 and 17 year-olds fromĬlaiming unemployment-related beneﬁts and therefore the statistical category of ‘unemployment’ for this age group was removed.

In the UK, the term NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) was intro-ĭuced in the early 1990s. Such as ‘NEET’ and ‘freeter’ have emerged. Using the traditional categories of employed and unemployed. These increases have made it diﬃcult to examine young people’s condition Unemployment and temporary jobs or from being inactive to pursuing training andĮducation. People are changing their working conditions on a frequent basis moving between Work in casual jobs or who are categorized as ‘inactive’. In someĬountries, youth unemployment has increased, as have the number of young people who More complicated, young people’s condition has become ﬂuid and precarious. As the transition from school to work in industrialized countries has become longer and

Freeter movement